Below high water mark England

The Northern Shoveler inhabits shallow, nutrient-rich inland waters, reedy margins, marshes and wet meadows with open water surfaces. It prefers muddy bottoms rich in plankton and small invertebrates and avoids deep, sparsely vegetated lakes. Its eponymous bill can reach several centimetres in length and is lined along the edges with fine, comb-like lamellae that act as a sieve.

With this specialised filter-feeding technique the Shoveler draws in water together with plankton, small crustaceans, insect larvae and seeds, then expels the water sideways while retaining food particles in the bill. Birds often swim with the bill held just below the surface or circle in small groups to stir up bottom material. This feeding strategy clearly sets the Shoveler apart from other dabbling ducks and ties it closely to structurally rich, shallow muddy waters.

The species is a medium- to long-distance migrant. Central European breeders mostly winter around the Mediterranean, in Western Europe and in Africa, while passage birds from breeding areas further east regularly stop over in Central Europe. In Germany the Shoveler is red-listed as a breeding bird and considered threatened. Although formally listed under the Federal Hunting Act, it is effectively excluded from hunting through its year-round closed season. Habitat loss caused by drainage, conversion of grassland and agricultural intensification, together with the decline of near-natural floodplains, are the main drivers of the long-term population decline.